Routes and Templates

Let's start by building our "about" page.

In Ember, when we want to make a new page that can be visited using a URL, we need to generate a "route" using Ember CLI. For a quick overview of how Ember structures things, see our diagram on the Core Concepts page.

Let's use Ember's route generator to start our about route.

ember generate route about

or for short,

ember g route about

Note: Running ember help generate will list a number of other Ember resources you can create as well ...

And here's what our generator prints out:

installing route
  create app/routes/about.js
  create app/templates/about.hbs
updating router
  add route about
installing route-test
  create tests/unit/routes/about-test.js

An Ember route is built with three parts:

1. An entry in the Ember router (/app/router.js), which maps between our route name and a specific URI
2. A route handler file, which sets up what should happen when that route is loaded (app/routes/about.js)
3. A route template, which is where we display the actual content for the page (app/templates/about.hbs)

If we open /app/router.js, we'll see a new line of code for the about route, calling this.route('about') in the Router.map function. That new line of code tells the Ember router to run our /app/routes/about.js file when a visitor navigates to /about.

import EmberRouter from '@ember/routing/router';
import config from './config/environment';

const Router = EmberRouter.extend({
  location: config.locationType,
  rootURL: config.rootURL
});

Router.map(function() {
  this.route('about');
});

export default Router;

Because we only plan to display static content on our about page, we won't adjust the /app/routes/about.js route handler file right now. Instead, let's open our /app/templates/about.hbs template file and add some info about Super Rentals:

<div class="jumbo">
  <div class="right tomster"></div>
  <h2>About Super Rentals</h2>
  <p>
    The Super Rentals website is a delightful project created to explore Ember.
    By building a property rental site, we can simultaneously imagine traveling
    AND building Ember applications.
  </p>
</div>

Now run ember serve (or ember server, or even ember s for short) on your command line to start the Ember development server and then go to http://localhost:4200/about to see our new page in action!

Now let's create another route with contact details for the company. Once again, we'll start by generating a route:

ember g route contact

Here again, we add a new contact route in app/router.js and generate a route handler in app/routes/contact.js.

In the route template /app/templates/contact.hbs, let's add our contact details:

<div class="jumbo">
  <div class="right tomster"></div>
  <h2>Contact Us</h2>
  <p>
    Super Rentals Representatives would love to help you<br>
    choose a destination or answer any questions you may have.
  </p>
  <address>
    Super Rentals HQ
    <p>
      1212 Test Address Avenue<br>
      Testington, OR 97233
    </p>
    <a href="tel:503.555.1212">+1 (503) 555-1212</a><br>
    <a href="mailto:superrentalsrep@emberjs.com">superrentalsrep@emberjs.com</a>
  </address>
</div>

Now when we go to http://localhost:4200/contact, we'll see our contact page.

Moving around our site is a bit of a pain right now, so let's make that easier. We'll put a link to the contact page on the about page, and a corresponding link to the about page on the contact page.

To do that, we'll use a {{link-to}} helper that Ember provides that makes it easy to link between our routes. Let's adjust our about.hbs file:

<div class="jumbo">
  <div class="right tomster"></div>
  <h2>About Super Rentals</h2>
  <p>
    The Super Rentals website is a delightful project created to explore Ember.
    By building a property rental site, we can simultaneously imagine traveling
    AND building Ember applications.
  </p>
  {{#link-to "contact" class="button"}}
    Contact Us
  {{/link-to}}
</div>

In this case, we're telling the {{link-to}} helper the name of the route we want to link to: contact. When we look at our about page at http://localhost:4200/about, we now have a working link to our contact page:

Now, we'll add our corresponding link to the contact page so we can move back and forth between about and contact:

<div class="jumbo">
  <div class="right tomster"></div>
  <h2>Contact Us</h2>
  <p>
    Super Rentals Representatives would love to help you<br>
    choose a destination or answer any questions you may have.
  </p>
  <address>
    Super Rentals HQ
    <p>
      1212 Test Address Avenue<br>
      Testington, OR 97233
    </p>
    <a href="tel:503.555.1212">+1 (503/) 555-1212</a><br>
    <a href="mailto:superrentalsrep@emberjs.com">superrentalsrep@emberjs.com</a>
  </address>
  {{#link-to "about" class="button"}}
    About
  {{/link-to}}
</div>

In addition to our about and contact pages, we want to show a list of rentals that our visitors can look through. So let's add a third route and call it rentals:

ember g route rentals

And then let's update our new template (/app/templates/rentals.hbs) with some initial content. We'll come back to this page in a bit to add in the actual rental properties.

<div class="jumbo">
  <div class="right tomster"></div>
  <h2>Welcome!</h2>
  <p>We hope you find exactly what you're looking for in a place to stay.</p>
  {{#link-to "about" class="button"}}
    About Us
  {{/link-to}}
</div>

With our three routes in place, we are ready to add an index route, which will handle requests to the root URI (/) of our site. We'd like to make the rentals page the main page of our application, and we've already created a route. Therefore, we want our index route to simply forward to the rentals route we've already created.

Using the same process we did for our about and contact pages, we will first generate a new route called index.

ember g route index

We can see the now familiar output for the route generator:

installing route
  create app/routes/index.js
  create app/templates/index.hbs
installing route-test
  create tests/unit/routes/index-test.js

Unlike the other route handlers we've made so far, the index route is special: it does NOT require an entry in the router's mapping. We'll learn more about why the entry isn't required later on when we look at nested routes in Ember.

All we want to do when a user visits the root (/) URL is transition to /rentals. To do this we will add code to our index route handler by implementing a route lifecycle hook called beforeModel. Route lifecycle hooks are special methods that are called automatically when a route renders or data changes. Inside, we'll call the replaceWith function:

import Route from '@ember/routing/route';

export default Route.extend({
  beforeModel() {
    this.replaceWith('rentals');
  }
});

The replaceWith function is similar to the route's transitionTo() function, the difference being that replaceWith will replace the current URL in the browser's history, while transitionTo will add to the history. Since we want our rentals route to serve as our home page, we will use the replaceWith function.

Now visiting the root route at / will result in the /rentals URL loading.

In addition to adding individual links to each route of our app, we'd like to add a common header across the top of our page to display our app's title and its navigation bar.

To show something on every page, we can use the application template (which we edited earlier). Let's open it again (/app/templates/application.hbs) and replace its contents with the following:

<div class="container">
  <div class="menu">
    {{#link-to "index"}}
      <h1>
        <em>SuperRentals</em>
      </h1>
    {{/link-to}}
    <div class="links">
      {{#link-to "about" class="menu-about"}}
        About
      {{/link-to}}
      {{#link-to "contact" class="menu-contact"}}
        Contact
      {{/link-to}}
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="body">
    {{outlet}}
  </div>
</div>

We've seen most of this before, but the {{outlet}} beneath <div class="body"> is new. The {{outlet}} helper tells Ember where content for our current route (such as about or contact) should be shown.

At this point, we should be able to navigate between our about, contact, and rentals pages.

From here you can move on to the next page or dive into testing the new functionality we just added.

Now that we have various pages in our application, let's walk through how to build tests for them.

As mentioned earlier on the Planning the Application page, an Ember application test automates interacting with our app in a similar way to a visitor.

If you open the application test we created (/tests/acceptance/list-rentals-test.js), you'll see our goals, which include the ability to navigate to an about page and a contact page. Let's start there.

First, we want to test that visiting / properly redirects to /rentals. We'll use the Ember visit helper and then make sure our current URL is /rentals once the redirect occurs.

import { module, test } from 'qunit';
import { visit, currentURL } from '@ember/test-helpers';
import { setupApplicationTest } from 'ember-qunit';

module('Acceptance | list rentals', function (hooks) {
  setupApplicationTest(hooks);

  test('should show rentals as the home page', async function (assert) {
    await visit('/');
    assert.equal(currentURL(), '/rentals', 'should redirect automatically');
  });
});

Now run the tests by typing ember test --server in the command line (or ember t -s for short).

Instead of 7 failures there should now be 6 (5 application failures and 1 ESLint). You can also run our specific test by selecting the entry called "Acceptance | list rentals" in the drop down input labeled "Module" on the test UI.

You can also toggle "Hide passed tests" to show your passing test case along with the tests that are still failing (because we haven't yet built them/).

Ember provides a variety of application test helpers to make common tasks easier, such as visiting routes, filling in fields, clicking on links/buttons, and waiting for pages to display.

Some of the helpers we'll use commonly are:

• visit - loads a given URL
• click - pretends to be a user clicking on a specific part of the screen
• currentURL - returns the URL of the page we're currently on

Let's import these helpers into our application test:

import { visit, currentURL } from '@ember/test-helpers';
import { setupApplicationTest } from 'ember-qunit';
import {
  click,
  currentURL,
  visit
} from '@ember/test-helpers';

Now let's add code that simulates a visitor arriving on our homepage, clicking one of our links and then visiting a new page.

test('should link to information about the company', async function(assert) {
  await visit('/');
  await click(".menu-about");
  assert.equal(currentURL(), '/about', 'should navigate to about');
});

test('should link to contact information', async function(assert) {
  await visit('/');
  await click(".menu-contact");
  assert.equal(currentURL(), '/contact', 'should navigate to contact');
});

In the tests above, we're using assert.equal() to check if the first and second arguments equal each other. If they don't, our test will fail.

The third optional argument allows us to provide a nicer message which will be shown if this test fails.

In our tests, we also call two helpers (visit and click) one after another. Although Ember does a number of things when we make those calls, Ember hides those complexities by giving us these asynchronous test helpers.

If you left ember test running, it should have automatically updated to show the three tests related to navigating have now passed.

In the screen recording below, we run the tests, deselect "Hide passed tests", and set the module to our application test, revealing the 3 tests we got passing.